"King of materials" diamondi, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake abwino kwambiri, yafufuzidwa mosalekeza ndikukulitsidwa m'magawo ogwiritsira ntchito kwazaka zambiri.Monga m'malo mwa diamondi yachilengedwe, diamondi yokumba yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'minda kuyambira zida zamakina ndi kubowola mpaka ma semiconductors amtundu wa band gap, kuchokera ku laser ndi zida zowongolera mpaka mphete zonyezimira za diamondi m'manja mwa azimayi.Daimondi Yopanga yakhala gawo lofunika kwambiri pamakampani ndi zodzikongoletsera.
A. Chidziwitso Chachikulu
Synthetic diamondi ndi mtundu wa diamondi wa diamondi wopangidwa ndi njira yasayansi kudzera mu kayeseleledwe kake ka mawonekedwe a kristalo ndi kukula kwa diamondi yachilengedwe.Pali njira ziwiri zogulitsira zopangira diamondi zambiri - kutentha kwambiri ndi kuthamanga kwambiri (HTHP) ndi chemical vapor deposition (CVD).Ndi HPHT kapena CVD luso, diamondi yokumba akhoza kupangidwa mu masabata ochepa chabe, ndi mankhwala zikuchokera, refractive index, kachulukidwe wachibale, kubalalitsidwa, kuuma, madutsidwe matenthedwe, matenthedwe kukula, kufala kuwala, kukana ndi compressibility wa diamondi zachilengedwe ndendende. yemweyo.Ma diamondi apamwamba kwambiri amadziwikanso kuti diamondi wolimidwa.
Kuyerekeza kwa njira ziwiri zokonzekera ndi motere:
| Mtundu | Ntchito | HPHT kutentha kwambiri ndi njira yokakamiza | CVD chemical vapor deposition njira |
| Njira yopangira | Main zopangira | Graphite ufa, chitsulo chothandizira ufa | Mpweya wokhala ndi kaboni, haidrojeni |
| Zida zopangira | 6-pamwamba diamondi chosindikizira | CVD Depositional zida | |
| Zopanga chilengedwe | Malo otentha kwambiri komanso othamanga kwambiri | Malo otentha kwambiri komanso othamanga kwambiri | |
| Kulitsani mikhalidwe yayikulu ya diamondi | Mawonekedwe a mankhwala | Granular, kapangidwe ka cubic octahedron, 14 | Mapepala, structural cube, 1 kukula kwa njira |
| Kukula kuzungulira | Wachidule | Wautali | |
| Mtengo | Zochepa | Wapamwamba | |
| Digiri ya chiyero | Zoyipa pang'ono | Wapamwamba | |
| Zoyenera mankhwala | 1 ~ 5ct kukulitsa diamondi | Kukula diamondi pamwamba pa 5ct | |
| Technology ntchito | Digiri yofunsira | Ukadaulo ndi wokhwima, ntchito zapakhomo ndizokulirapo ndipo zili ndi mwayi wodziwikiratu padziko lapansi | Ukadaulo wakunja umakhala wokhwima, koma ukadaulo wapakhomo ukadali pagulu la kafukufuku, ndipo zotsatira zake ndizochepa |
China chochita kupanga diamondi makampani anayamba mochedwa, koma makampani chitukuko liwiro mofulumira.Pakadali pano, zomwe zili muukadaulo, ma carats ndi mtengo wa zida zopangira diamondi zopanga ku China zili ndi mwayi wampikisano padziko lapansi.Daimondi Yochita kupanga ili ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri ngati diamondi yachilengedwe, monga zolimba kwambiri, zolimba, kukana komanso kukana dzimbiri.Ndizinthu zapamwamba zosagwirizana ndi zitsulo zokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, zolondola kwambiri, zosakhalitsa komanso zoteteza chilengedwe.Ndiwofunika kwambiri popanga zida zogwirira ntchito zocheka, kudula, kupera ndi kubowola zida zapamwamba zolimba komanso zolimba.Ntchito zama terminal zimakhudzidwa kwambiri muzamlengalenga ndi zankhondo, zida zomangira, miyala, kufufuza ndi migodi, kukonza kwamakina, mphamvu zoyera, zamagetsi ogula, semiconductor ndi mafakitale ena.Pakadali pano, kugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu kwakukulu kwa diamondi yokumba yapamwamba kwambiri, yomwe ndi diamondi yolimidwa, ili m'makampani opanga zodzikongoletsera.
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| Zenera lofufuza mizinga | Kubowola kwa diamondi pofufuza petroleum |
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| Diamond anaona tsamba | Chida cha diamondi |
| Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mafakitale a diamondi yokumba | |
Mapangidwe a diamondi achilengedwe ndi ovuta kwambiri, choncho kusowa kwake ndikofunika kwambiri, mtengo wake ndi wokwera chaka chonse, ndipo mtengo wa diamondi wolimidwa ndi wotsika kwambiri kuposa wa diamondi wachilengedwe.Malinga ndi "Global Diamond Industry 2020-21" yotulutsidwa ndi Bain Consulting, mtengo wogulitsa / wogulitsidwa wa diamondi wolimidwa wakhala ukutsika kuyambira 2017. za diamondi zachilengedwe, ndipo mtengo wandalama ndi pafupifupi 20% wa diamondi zachilengedwe.Zikuyembekezeka kuti ndi kukhathamiritsa kwapang'onopang'ono kwamitengo yaukadaulo, Ubwino wamsika wamsika wolima diamondi ukhala wodziwikiratu.
Mtengo wa diamondi wolima umakhala ndi gawo la diamondi
B. Chingwe cha mafakitale
Unyolo wamakampani opanga diamondi
Kumtunda kwa unyolo wamakampani opanga diamondi amatanthauza kupezeka kwa zida zopangira monga zida zopangira ndi chothandizira luso, komanso kupanga kubowola kwa diamondi kopanga.China ndiye amene amapanga diamondi ya HPHT, ndipo kupanga diamondi ya CVD kukukulanso mwachangu.Gulu la mafakitale lapangidwa m'chigawo cha Henan ndi opanga miyala ya dayamondi yochita kumtunda, kuphatikizapo Zhengzhou Huacheng Diamond Co., LTD., Zhongnan Diamond Co., LTD., Henan Huanghe Cyclone Co., LTD., etc. Mabizinesi awa apanga bwino. ndi kupanga tinthu lalikulu ndi mkulu chiyero yokumba diamondi (nakulitsa diamondi).Mabizinesi akumtunda akudziwa ukadaulo wopangira diamondi, wokhala ndi ndalama zolimba, komanso mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa diamondi wopangidwa ndi wokhazikika, ndipo phindu lake ndi lolemera.
Gawo lapakati limatanthawuza malonda ndi kukonza kwa diamondi yopanda kanthu, malonda a diamondi yopangidwa ndi diamondi yomaliza kubowola, ndi mapangidwe ndi Mose.Ma diamondi ang'onoang'ono osakwana 1 carat amadulidwa kwambiri ku India, pomwe ma carat akuluakulu monga 3, 5, 10 kapena diamondi zooneka mwapadera amadulidwa ku United States.China tsopano ikuwoneka ngati malo odula kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, pomwe Chow Tai Fook ikumanga chomera chodula anthu 5,000 ku Panyu.
Kutsika kumatanthawuza kugulitsa kwa diamondi, malonda ndi mafakitale ena othandizira.Ma diamondi opangira kalasi ya mafakitale amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muzamlengalenga, kukonza makina ndi kupanga, kufufuza mafuta ndi mafakitale ena.Ma diamondi ambiri apamwamba kwambiri amagulitsidwa kumakampani opanga zodzikongoletsera ngati miyala ya diamondi yolima.Pakali pano, United States ili ndi msika wokhwima kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi wa kulima ndi chitukuko cha diamondi, ndi malonda athunthu.
C. Mikhalidwe ya msika
M'zaka zoyambirira, mtengo wa diamondi wochita kupanga udali wokwera kwambiri mpaka 20 ~ 30 yuan pa carat, zomwe zidapangitsa mabizinesi ambiri opanga zinthu kukhala oletsedwa.Ndi chitukuko cha ukadaulo wopanga, mtengo wa diamondi yokumba unatsika pang'onopang'ono, ndipo m'zaka zaposachedwa, mtengo watsika mpaka 1 yuan pa carat.Ndi chitukuko chazamlengalenga ndi mafakitale ankhondo, zowotcha zamoto za silicon, ma semiconductors, zidziwitso zamagetsi ndi mafakitale ena omwe akubwera, kugwiritsa ntchito diamondi yokumba m'munda wapamwamba wopanga kukukulirakulira nthawi zonse.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chifukwa cha zotsatira za ndondomeko zachilengedwe, kukula kwa msika wa msika (mwachidziwitso cha kupanga diamondi) kwawonetsa chizolowezi cha kuchepa koyamba ndikuwonjezeka m'zaka zisanu zapitazi, kukulirakulira mpaka 14,65 biliyoni carats mu 2018 ndipo ndi akuyembekezeka kufika 15.42 biliyoni carats mu 2023. Kusintha kwachindunji ndi motere:
Njira yayikulu yopangira ku China ndi njira ya HTHP.Kuthekera kwa makina osindikizira a mbali zisanu ndi chimodzi kumatsimikizira mwachindunji kuchuluka kwa diamondi yokumba, kuphatikizapo diamondi yolimidwa.Kupyolera mu kumvetsetsa kosiyanasiyana kwa gulu la kafukufuku wa polojekitiyi, mphamvu zomwe zilipo m'dzikoli siziposa 8,000 zamtundu waposachedwa wa makina apamwamba a mbali zisanu ndi chimodzi, pamene kufunikira kwa msika ndi pafupifupi 20,000 ya mtundu waposachedwa wa makina apamwamba asanu ndi limodzi.Pakali pano, unsembe wapachaka ndi kutumidwa angapo zikuluzikulu zoweta diamondi opanga wafika mphamvu khola pafupifupi 500 mayunitsi atsopano, kutali ndi kukumana kufunika msika, kotero mu nthawi yochepa ndi sing'anga, kulima zoweta za msika diamondi wogulitsa kwenikweni ndi kwambiri.
Kufuna kwadziko lonse kwa mphamvu ya diamondi yokumba
D. Chitukuko
①Mchitidwe wokhazikika wamakampani ukuchulukirachulukira
Ndi kukulitsa mankhwala ndi ntchito munda kukula kwa mabizinezi otsika diamondi mankhwala, makasitomala aika patsogolo zofunika apamwamba pa khalidwe ndi ntchito mtheradi wa diamondi yokumba, amene amafuna mabizinesi yokumba diamondi kukhala likulu amphamvu ndi kafukufuku luso ndi chitukuko mphamvu, komanso luso lokonzekera kupanga kwakukulu komanso kasamalidwe kogwirizana kopereka chithandizo.Pokhapokha pokhala ndi kafukufuku wamphamvu wamankhwala ndi mphamvu yachitukuko, mphamvu zopanga ndi chitsimikizo cha khalidwe, mabizinesi akuluakulu amatha kuwonekera pa mpikisano woopsa wamakampani, kupitiriza kudziunjikira ubwino wampikisano, kukulitsa kukula kwa ntchito, kumanga malo apamwamba a makampani, ndikukhala ndi udindo waukulu. mpikisano, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti makampani aziwonetsa chizolowezi chokhazikika.
②Kupititsa patsogolo ukadaulo wa synthesis
Ndi chitukuko chosalekeza cha mphamvu zopangira mafakitale a dziko, kukhazikika ndi kukonzanso kwa zida zogwirira ntchito kumafunika kuwongolera.Njira yosinthira zida za diamondi zopanga za ku China kuchokera kumunsi kupita kumunsi idzakulitsidwanso, ndipo gawo logwiritsira ntchito la diamondi lochita kupanga lidzakulitsidwanso.M'zaka zaposachedwa, kafukufuku ndi chitukuko akwaniritsa mbali yaikulu ya patsekeke kupanga ndi kukhathamiritsa aloyi nyundo zolimba, amene kwambiri kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha kupanga diamondi kupanga.
③Ulimi wa diamondi kuti upititse patsogolo kukwera kwa msika
Synthetic diamondi yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale.Zoposa 90% za diamondi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi ndi diamondi yopangira.Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa dayamondi yochita kupanga m'munda wa ogula (ma diamondi opangidwa ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali) kukufulumizitsanso kukwera kwa msika ndikotambasula.
Padziko lonse lapansi zodzikongoletsera kulima diamondi akadali koyambirira kwa kukula, msika wanthawi yayitali uli ndi malo akulu.Malinga ndi Bain & Company's 2020 - 2021 Global Diamond Industry Research Report, msika wa zodzikongoletsera padziko lonse lapansi mu 2020 udaposa madola 264 biliyoni, pomwe madola mabiliyoni 64 anali zodzikongoletsera za diamondi, zomwe zimawerengera pafupifupi 24.2%.Pankhani ya kagwiritsidwe ntchito, malinga ndi Bain Consulting's Global Diamond Industry Research Report 2020 -- 2021, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa United States ndi China kumakhala pafupifupi 80% ndi 10% ya msika wapadziko lonse wolima diamondi.
Chakumapeto kwa chaka cha 2016, ma diamondi ang'onoang'ono opanda utoto opangidwa ndi ukadaulo wa HTHP m'dziko lathu adayamba kulowa mugawo lopanga misa, kuchuluka kwa kulima kwa diamondi ndikupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo wa kaphatikizidwe ndikupitilizabe kuwongolera, chiyembekezo chamsika wamsika ndi chotakata.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-08-2023